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2005 (site URL: www.nrel.gov/ncpv/thin_film), and now averages over a thousand per day. PV Materials FAQ. We added a new FAQ to the NREL site that examines the question, posed as “The Terawatt Challenge” by Hoffert and Lewis: Are materials a constraint preventing PV from meeting climate change problems? The answer is that PV can meet climate change problems, with the example examined being 75 TWp by mid- century. Of commodity materials, glass would be the largest growth, but is not materials limited. Of the specialty semiconductor and contact materials, silver (for grids), indium, and tellurium are constrained and selenium is marginally constrained. However, the FAQ outlines a strategy for making thinner cells, recycling waste and end- of-life modules, and refining more byproduct from existing ores to allow the CIS and CdTe technologies to make the needed amounts. The silicon-based technologies are unconstrained and could also meet the TW challenge. These findings are part of the effort to refine our understanding of future PV issues in relation to big picture issues such as climate change. Energy Payback FAQ Revision. We completed a revision of the Energy Payback FAQ for the NREL Web site. The changes involved: • Adding a well-documented payback period for the BOS at Tucson Electric (3 months!) as an example of how ground-mounted systems have about the same energy payback as roof- mounted ones. • Offering further evidence that including the wafer payback cost does not radically hurt c-Si payback. • Adding some verbiage to help people understand how energy input is properly paid back in the form of PV electricity. The FAQs are at (www.nrel.gov/ncpv/faq.html). Tracking Annual Metrics. Each year, we track cell efficiencies, best prototype module efficiencies, and commercial module efficiencies for thin film PV (see Tables 2 and 3). Updated versions are posted on our Web site and can be found via the search page. Table 2. Best Large-Area, Thin Film Modules (standard conditions, aperture area) Company Mitsubishi Heavy* Global Solar Energy Wurth Solar United Solar First Solar Shell Solar GMBH Sharp* Antec Solar* Kaneka Shell Solar Industries Showa Shell* Device Size (cm2) Glass/a-Si 15625 CdS/CIGS/SS 8709 CdS/CIGS/glass 6500 a-Si/a-SiGe/a-SiGe/SS 9276 Glass/CdS/CdT e 6624 CIS-alloy/CdS/glass 4938 Glass/a-Si/nano-Si 4770 Glass/CdS/CdT e 6633 Glass/a-Si 8100 CdS/CIS-alloy 3644 Zn(O,S,OH)x/CIGS/Glass 3459 Glass/a-Si/a-Si 7432 a-Si triple/SS 4519 Efficiency 6.4% (stabilized) 10.2% 13% 7.6% (stabilized) 10.2% 13.1% 11% (stabilized) 7.3% 6.3% (stabilized) 12.9% 13.4% (4 1-ft2 modules laminated together) 5.7% (stabilized) Power Date 100 W 7/05 88.9 W 5/05 84.6 W 6/04 70.8 W 9/97 67.4 W 2/04 64.8 W 6/04 52.5 W 7/05 52.3 W 6/04 51W 7/04 46.8 W 5/05 46.45 W 8/02 42.3 W 10/02 35.7 W 6/97 EPV United Solar 7.9% (stabilized) *Indicates reported by company, but not independently measured (to our knowledge) Photovoltaic R&D Advanced Materials and Devices 46PDF Image | DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program
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