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the Solar Program. This outcome is consistent with the DOE Solar Program Multi-Year Program Plan (MYPP) and is critical in achieving its $.06/kWh energy production goal for PV systems. Further, given that today’s short-term value-to-the- consumer of installing a PV system is often based on rebates and incentives, and not just the value of the energy produced, an out-of-warranty failure of a multifunction inverter can often mean that the system will never work again (end of life). Inverters and their associated control circuits and functions are still, in many respects, in their infancy in terms of design, system integration, communications, performance, and especially reliability. The lifetimes of the inverter (controller of the system) must be improved to match the lifetimes of PV modules (typically 30 years) and other BOS components. Today’s technical barriers associated with inverters involve matching the mean time between failure (MTBF) of PV modules, while maintaining low costs and high performance. These barriers are nearly unprecedented in terrestrial applications of power electronics because most electronic products are designed with relatively shorter MTBF. One longer-lived power electronics comparison is a variable-speed drive for industrial motors. The motor load has well-characterized impedances and characteristics. Higher-quality industrial-grade components are used, and cost is not as important as it is for PV applications. Higher costs are acceptable because of the value added and the major loss of revenue when failures occur. Many electronic devices sold today are designed with a MTBF of just a few years. That is not acceptable for the inverter (controller) used in PV applications. Another important difference with PV systems is that the inverter/system is classified in the National Electrical Code® (NEC) as an “energy source.” That classification, along with the many unique characteristics of PV power systems, prompted a special section in the NEC for PV installations. Inverters with short lifetimes may be repaired or replaced, but both options represent costs that may negate most of the revenue received for power generation. Replacement of an inverter in a 15-year-old system will likely require costs associated with redesign of the BOS and a re-inspection to meet existing code. It will not be like changing a lightbulb. The High-Reliability Inverter Initiative took a first step toward higher reliability at no increase in unit cost, namely the improvement of Photovoltaic R&D Advanced Materials and Devices MTBF to more than 10 years. This advance had a significant positive impact on calculated LCOE of PVsystems. The objectives of the Inverter and Balance-of- Systems Project are to focus on power electronics and BOS hardware, to support engineering advancements through characterization feedback of newly developed power electronics and BOS hardware, and to begin establishing the suitability for incorporation of new inverters and BOS into completely integrated systems. The work is closely tied to objectives derived from the DOE Systems-Driven Approach Workshop, the DOE Workshop on a Systems-Driven Approach to Inverter Research and Development,” and the DOE High-Tech Inverter Workshop,” and will tie to the new MYPP. Each of the inverter-related workshops resulted in consensus prioritization that guided the High-Reliability Inverter Initiative and later the drafting of the High-Tech Inverter, Balance-of-System, and Systems R&D: A 5-Year Strategy. The project objectives are often transformed into direct aids to the development of certification, codes, and standards for PV inverters, BOS, and systems applications through SNL validations, verification, and modeling. In addition, the project provides sanity checks that examine the impact on manufacturability of BOS components and integration into complete systems. Some of the inverter- and BOS-related activities are also applicable to other renewable energy technologies such as fuel cells and micro-turbines. One Inverter and BOS Project goal is to strive to involve U.S. PV inverter manufacturers and key charge-controller manufacturers to examine key products to determine impacts on both the BOS and PV communities. The Inverter and BOS Project seeks to improve system reliability and efficiency, lower life-cycle cost, and improve LCOE through improved utilization of power electronics and storage and the development of selected BOS (sometimes non-power electronics) components. The BOS Project further seeks to develop fully integrated, consumer-friendly PV systems through the development of vertically integrated designs that are suitable for high-volume manufacturing. 2. Technical Approach After many years of nearly no structured R&D support for inverters and BOS, in 2002 the National PV Program, through the DOE Solar 66PDF Image | DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program
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