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NREL CA Solar Benefits CSP Technology Assessment 2.1 Description of Technologies This section provides a brief description of the four CSP technologies. A more complete description is provided in Appendix A. Parabolic trough systems comprise rows of trough-shaped mirrors which direct solar insolation to a receiver tube along the focal axis of each trough. The focused radiation raises the temperature of heat-transfer oil, which is used to generate steam. The steam is then used to power a turbine-generator to produce electricity. Power tower systems consist of a field of thousands of sun-tracking mirrors which direct insolation to a receiver atop a tall tower. A molten salt heat-transfer fluid is heated in the receiver and is piped to a ground based steam generator. The steam drives a steam turbine-generator to produce electricity. Because trough and power tower systems collect heat to drive central turbine- generators, they are best suited for large-scale plants: 50 MW or larger. Trough and tower plants, with their large central turbine generators and balance of plant equipment, can take advantage of economies of scale for cost reduction, as cost per kW goes down with increased size. Additionally, these plants can make use of thermal storage or hybrid fossil systems to achieve greater operating flexibility and dispatchability. This provides the ability to produce electricity when needed by the utility system, rather than only when sufficient solar insolation is available to produce electricity, for example, during short cloudy periods or after sunset. This capability has significantly more value to the utility and potentially allows the owner of the CSP plant to receive additional credit, or payment, for the electric generating capacity of the plant. Parabolic dish systems use a dish shaped arrangement of mirror facets to focus energy onto a receiver at the focal point of the collector. A working fluid such as hydrogen is heated in the receiver, and drives a turbine or Stirling engine. Most current dish applications use Stirling engine technology because of its high efficiency. CPV systems use either parabolic dish mirror systems or a large array of flat Fresnel lenses to focus energy on PV cells. The PV cells generate direct current electricity, which is converted to alternating current using a solid state inverter. Dish and CPV systems are modular in nature, with single units producing power in the range of 10 kW to 35 kW. Thus, dish and CPV systems could be used for distributed or remote generation applications, or in large arrays of several hundred or thousand units to produce power on a utility scale. Dish and CPV systems have the potential advantage of mass production of individual units, similar to the mass production of automobiles or wind turbines. At this time, neither the dish Stirling or CPV system use storage or hybrid fossil capabilities to provide a firm resource. CPV systems could, of course, make use of battery energy storage; however, present battery storage technology is comparatively inefficient and expensive. April 21, 2006 2-2PDF Image | Economic, Energy, and Environmental Benefits of Concentrating Solar Power in California
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