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NREL CA Solar Benefits Appendix A Because trough and power tower systems collect heat to drive central turbine- generators, they are best suited for relatively large plants—50 MW or larger. Dish and CPV are modular in nature, with single units producing power in the range of 10 kW to 35 kW. Thus, dish and CPV systems could be used for distributed or remote generation applications, and can be sited as large plants by aggregating many units. Trough and tower plants, with their large central turbine generators and balance of plant equipment, have a cost advantage of economy of scale—that is, cost per kW goes down with increased size. Dish and CPV systems have the potential advantage of mass production of individual units, similar to the mass production of automobiles Trough and tower systems have the potential advantage over dish and CPV systems in that an amount of dispatchability can be designed into the system with thermal storage or the use of hybrid fossil. Dispatchability allows the solar plant to generate electricity during short duration cloudy periods or to generate electricity into the evening after sunset. This gives the plant potential to receive capacity credit, and provides the ability to more closely match the utility peak load profile. At this time, dish-Stirling systems have not been configured to provide hybrid fossil capability. CPV systems could, of course, make use of battery energy storage; however, battery storage is comparatively inefficient and expensive, and has not been considered in this study. Should battery storage system costs decrease substantially, and efficiency increase, the use of storage with CPV would certainly be an option in the future. A.1 Parabolic Trough Systems Parabolic trough systems concentrate DNI using single axis tracking, parabolic curved, trough-shaped reflectors onto a receiver pipe or heat collection element (HCE) located at the focal line of the parabolic surface. A high temperature heat transfer fluid (HTF) picks up the thermal energy in the HCE. Heat in the HCE is used to make steam in the steam generator. The steam drives a conventional steam-Rankine power cycle to generate electricity. Figure A-1 shows a row of trough collectors. A collector field contains many parallel rows of troughs connected in series. Rows are typically placed on a north-south axis, allowing the single-axis troughs to track the sun from east to west during the day. April 21, 2006 A-3PDF Image | Economic, Energy, and Environmental Benefits of Concentrating Solar Power in California
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