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NREL CA Solar Benefits Appendix A Relatively level land is preferable for construction and maintenance ease; however, siting requirements on slope are likely less significant than those for trough and tower systems. Individual dish-Stirling units range in size from 10 to 25 kW. Because they can operate independent of power grids, they can be used for remote applications as well as grid connected applications. With their high efficiency and modular construction, the cost of dish-engine systems is expected to be competitive in distributed markets. Stirling Engine Systems (SES), the principal dish-Stirling developer in the United States, projects that the cost of dishes will decrease dramatically with hundreds of MWs of central station, grid connected deployment. There are no operating commercial dish-Stirling power plants. Recently installation was completed on a six dish test deployment at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) in Albuquerque. This development is under a joint agreement between SES of Phoenix and SNL. On August 2, 2005, Southern California Edison publicly announced the completion of negotiations on a 20 year power purchase agreement with SES for between 500 to 850 MW of capacity (producing 1,182 to 2010GWh/year) of dish/Stirling units. On September 7, 2005, SES announced a contract with San Diego Gas & Electric to provide between 300 and 900 MW of solar power using the dish technology. Pricing for these power purchase agreements remain confidential. This large deployment of dish Stirling systems is expected to drastically reduce capital and O&M costs and to result in increased system reliability. Other planned deployments of dish-engine systems included contracted deploy- ments of a 25 kW demonstration dish by SES at Eskom in South Africa and a 10 kW Schlaich Bergermann und Partner (SBP) dish providing power to the grid in Spain. Proposed or planned deployments include a 10 kW SBP dish in France and a 10 kW SBP dish in Italy. A.3 Power Tower Systems A power tower uses thousands of sun-tracking mirrors called heliostats to redirct DNI to a receiver at the top of a tower. In the most recent receiver deployment, a molten nitrate salt HTF heated in the receiver is used to generate steam, which, in turn, was used in a conventional turbine generator to produce electricity. An earlier power tower generated steam directly in the receiver; however, the current US design uses molten nitrate salt because of its superior heat transfer and energy storage capabilities. Commercial power tower plants can be sized to produce anywhere from 50 to 200 MW of electricity. Systems with air as the working fluid in the receiver or power system have also been explored in international research and development programs. A schematic diagram of the power tower technology is shown on Figure A-5. Figure A-6 is a photograph of the 10 MW Solar Two prototype molten salt system. April 21, 2006 A-8PDF Image | Economic, Energy, and Environmental Benefits of Concentrating Solar Power in California
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