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NREL CA Solar Benefits Appendix A An advantage of power tower plants is that molten salt can be heated to 1,050 oF, with steam generation at 1,000 oF, which is utility standard main steam temperature. This results in a somewhat higher cycle efficiency than is achievable with the lower temperature (about 735 oF) steam achievable with a trough system. Furthermore, power towers have the advantage that the molten salt is used both as the HTF and as the storage medium, unlike the trough system which uses a high temperature oil as the HTF, and requires oil-to-salt and salt-back-to-oil heat exchange for thermal storage. The result is that storage is less costly and more efficient for power tower than for troughs. There are no commercial power tower plants in operation. The 10 MW Solar One plant near Barstow, California, operated from 1982 to 1988, producing over 38 million kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity. Solar One generated steam directly in the receiver. To implement improved heat transfer and thermal storage, the plat was retrofitted (and renamed Solar Two). Solar Two operated from 1998 to 1999. Although Solar Two successfully demonstrated efficient collection of solar energy and dispatch of electricity, including the ability to routinely produce electricity during cloudy weather and at night, the plant encountered various technical issues. Solutions to these issues have been identified; however, successful demonstration of certain improvements is required prior to commercial financing of a large-scale plant. In addition to Solar One and Solar Two, experimental and prototype systems have operated in Spain, France, and Israel. Solucar Energia, S.A., an Abengoa company, recently announced a 11-megawatt solar power tower near Seville. Called PS 10, the power plant will be the largest solar power system in Europe and the first tower-based solar power system to generate electricity commercially. In addition, ESKOM, the large utility in South Africa, is considering a 100 MW molten-salt plant. A 17 MW molten salt plant in Spain, Solar Tres, was in planning by Ghersa, Boeing, and Nexant. However, this plant appears to be unlikely at this time. Potential component suppliers include heliostat supplier Sener and Inabensa in Spain. The Rocketdyne Unit of Boeing provided the molten salt receiver for Solar Two, and has been positioned to provide all molten salt equipment (receiver, thermal storage, steam generator) for a new power tower plant. Boeing recently announced the sale of the Rocketdyne Unit to Pratt & Whitney. The long term impact of this sale on solar equipment supply is not known. Cooling water requirements are about 2.8 m3/h per MWh, which include a small amount for heliostat washing. Dry cooling reduces this water consumption drastically, although, as with the trough system, performance is reduced and cost increased. As with the trough system, level land is preferable, with less than 1 percent slope desirable. The land area must be one continuous parcel with essentially a circular footprint. April 21, 2006 A-10PDF Image | Economic, Energy, and Environmental Benefits of Concentrating Solar Power in California
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