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Table 4 Power output from EGS and efficiency of power generation from EGS for n-Butane. Mass flow rate of working fluid n-Butane 1⁄4 300 kg/s Author's personal copy A. Ram Mohan et al. / Energy 57 (2013) 505e512 509 Working fluid pressure (MPa) 5 10 15 20 30 40 Table 5 Power generated (MWe) Exit 42.9 20 45.7 20 46.4 20 46.5 20 45.9 20 45 20 CO2 temperature (C) n-Butane temperature in heat exchanger h% 18.7 19.8 20.1 20.2 20 Tin, C 1 2 4 6 10 Tout, C 225 253 266 274 285 Power output from EGS and efficiency of power generation from EGS for neopentane. Mass flow rate of working fluid Neopentane 1⁄4 100 kg/s 1429219.5 Neopentane temperature h% in heat exchanger Power generated (MWe) 39.8 42.5 40.6 40.6 37.2 35.9 WTurbine WPump 1⁄2Geothermal energy absorbed by the working fluid Exit CO2 temperature (C) 50 50 55 55 60 60 Working fluid pressure (MPa) 5 10 15 20 30 40 h 1⁄4 16.4 17.5 17.7 17.7 17.2 16.5 Tin,C Tout, 12 268 14 289 17 286 19 293 24 289 28 295 C (1) fluid pressures within which the ORC can be operated is substan- tially higher for these three fluids compared to that with ammonia. Comparing Tables 3e6, it can be seen that in spite of lower working fluid pressures and mass flow rates used for ammonia, the amount of power generated is much higher than that obtained with other working fluids. The lower pump pressure reduces the internal shaft work done on the system and increases the work done by the turbine during expansion, resulting in the highest efficiency for ammonia. The amount of power generated from the ORC for the three working fluids n-Butane, Neopentane and R134A is shown in Fig. 3. At all working fluid pressures, the power generated is highest for n-Butane and lowest for R134A used as a working fluid. It also shows that there is an optimum working fluid pressure for each one of the three fluids at which the power generated reaches its maximum. The optimum working fluid pressure is 20 MPa for n-Butane and 10 MPa for neopentane and R134A. Beyond the op- timum, the pump consumes a substantial amount of shaft work generated by the turbine and eliminates the advantage of operating the ORC at higher pressures. It is worth mentioning that when n-butane is used as a working fluid, and as the working fluid pressure increases from 15 MPa to 30 MPa, the increase in the amount of power generated in the ORC is less than 0.5 MW. When ammonia is used as a working fluid, the power generated by the ORC increases continuously with increasing working fluid pressure. The efficiency at which it is generated also increases continuously from 12.7% to 23.2% with increasing working fluid pressure. The temperature at which CO2 leaves the heat exchanger after the transfer of geothermal heat to the working fluid reaches a maximum of 70 C at a pressure of 2.5 MPa and then decreases to 62 C with a further increase in working fluid pressure of 4 MPa. When the working fluid pressure exceeds 4 MPa, expansion of the working fluid in the turbine causes condensation. Similarly, when the mass flow rate of the working fluid is beyond 100 kg/s, the heat content of the circulating fluid carrying the geothermal heat is not high enough to convert all the working fluid completely into vapor phase at the outlet of the binary heat exchanger. Therefore, the maximum inlet mass flow rate and the working fluid pressure values are fixed at 100 kg/s and 4 MPa respectively for ammonia. From Tables 4e6, it can be seen that the mass flow rate of the working fluids n-Butane, neopentane and R134A is three times higher than the mass flow rate of ammonia. The range of working Table 6 Power output from EGS and efficiency of power generation from EGS for R134A. Mass flow rate of working fluid R134A 1⁄4 100 kg/s Working fluid pressure (MPa) 5 10 15 20 30 40 Power generated (MWe) 31.3 33 32 31.4 30.5 29.1 Exit CO2 temperature (C) 101 110 120 125 130 135 R134A temperature in heat h% exchanger Tin, C Tout, C 26 295 19.9 24 292 22.2 2228423 21 283 23.3 17 287 23.4 14 287 23.1PDF Image | Energy Technology ORC
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