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510 A. Ram Mohan et al. / Energy 57 (2013) 505e512 Author's personal copy Fig. 3. Comparison of power output from organic Rankine cycle in EGS for various working fluids. From Tables 4e6, it can be seen that, among the three working fluids n-Butane, neopentane and R134A, even though the power generated is lowest for R134A, the efficiency at which it is gener- ated is higher than that for the other two working fluids. Among the two hydrocarbons n-Butane and neopentane, the power generated and the corresponding generation efficiency is highest for n-Butane and lowest for neopentane. The temperature at which CO2 leaves the geothermal heater is affected by the thermo-physical proper- ties of the working fluid. From Fig. 4, it can be seen that the tem- perature at which CO2 is discharged from the binary heat exchanger is highest for R134A and lowest for n-Butane. The lower amount of power generated in the ORC, higher CO2 discharge temperature from the binary heat exchanger and the potential for ozone depletion makes R134A an unattractive choice for working fluid in the ORC. Due to the absence of ozone depletion potential, lower global warming potential and the non-corrosive nature of hydro- carbons, n-Butane and neopentane are more attractive candidates for working fluids in the organic Rankine cycle. In the second case study, the effect of a recuperator on power generated from EGS was studied for the two working fluids neo- pentane and n-Butane. The pressure of the working fluid at the turbine inlet was 10 MPa for neopentane and 20 MPa for n-Butane as the maximum power output was obtained at this pressure for these two fluids. When neopentane is used as a working fluid, the power generated decreases continuously with increasing preheating. As shown in Fig. 5, when neopentane is used as a working fluid, the maximum amount of heat that can be transferred from the hot outgoing vapor leaving the turbine to the cold incoming fluid is about 40% beyond which temperature crossover takes place in the recuperator. Even though the power output de- creases continuously with an increasing degree of preheating, it can be seen from Table 7 that the temperature at which CO2 leaves the Fig. 4. Comparison of the CO2 exit temperature leaving the heat exchanger for various working fluids. Fig. 5. Variation of power output from EGS for neopentane as a function of preheating. heat exchanger increases continuously with increasing degree of preheating. This provides an opportunity to add a second ORC so that both the CO2 and the working fluids can be discharged at the lowest possible temperatures. The temperature at which the working fluid rejects the heat to the condenser decreases contin- uously with increasing degree of preheating. When n-Butane is used as a working fluid, the variation in po- wer output generated from the ORC and the temperature at which CO2 is discharged from the geothermal heat exchanger are shown in Fig. 6 and Table 8. As seen in Fig. 6, the maximum amount of heat that can be transferred from the hot vapor leaving the turbine outlet to the cold but high pressure fluid entering the recuperator is 30% beyond that at which temperature crossover takes place. The power generated reaches a maximum when the percentage of heat exchanged is around 10%. The efficiency at which the power is generated is 20.5% when n-Butane is used as a working fluid. From Table 8, it can be seen that the temperature at which heat is rejected to the condenser decreases continuously with an increasing amount of heat transferred to the cold high pressure incoming fluid. With increase in the degree of preheating of the high pressure cold working fluid in the recuperator, the tempera- ture at which CO2 leaves the geothermal heat exchanger increases to 85 C providing an opportunity to add a second ORC to extract more power so that both the CO2 and the working fluid can be discharged at the lowest possible temperatures. The work done to recompress 612 kg/s of CO2 from 12 MPa to 15 MPa is 4.3 MW. The Table 7 Variation in CO2exit temperature with preheating in ORC for neopentane. % Preheating CO2 exit temperature, C 0 50 10 60 20 80 30 100 40 120 Working fluid reject temperature, C 183 148 100 62 25 Fig. 6. Variation of power output from EGS for n-Butane as a function of preheating.PDF Image | Energy Technology ORC
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