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In general improvements in end-conversion efficiency can be achieved through: • Using the produced heat; • Application of add-on’s to increase electricity or heat production; • Technological improvements of the combustion technology; • Increase of the plant size (capacity)1. The local situation and BTC configuration determine whether these options are available for improvement. The following conclusions on policy measures for efficiency improvement always have to be regarded in this perspective: • Mandatory labelling and/or investment subsidies are useful policy tools for consumer goods (stove, pellets boilers): Replacement of wood stoves by tiled stoves or pellet boilers presents a large potential in application and end-conversion efficiency increase. Mandatory labelling of stoves and boilers is an effective tool. In cases where investment costs are a barrier, we advise to connect investment subsidies for households to the labelling programme. However administrative costs for such a system will be relatively high (due to the disperse and diverse target group); • Residential heating and large scale power & CHP are the sector where the largest savings can be made through end-use efficiency improvements: In residential heating large gains can be obtained through the replacement of inefficient heating applications. In the large scale power and CHP sector, better use of heat produced is the main source of efficiency improvements. For new installations the use of heat can be taken into account in construction increasing the improvements obtained in the future. • Stimulate heat & power production over stand-alone electricity production plants: Reducing one-sided stimulation of electricity in current support schemes will create an incentive for this. Minimum efficiency standards or stepwise bonus systems are available policy options to stimulate heat use. A bonus system is especially interesting for already existing installations, while minimum efficiency standards are mostly applicable to new installations (only producing electricity will only be allowed at exception); • Large scale co-firing is most efficient conversion technology; however options for further possible improvements are scarce: As efficiency is already high in co-firing, options for improvements are very low. Our advice is not to focus on specific end-conversion improvements for biomass use in co- firing (except for possible use of heat). However stimulation of use of biomass in co-firing might be valuable, because of the large potential for replacement of fossil fuel; 1 Although scale and size of an installation is moreover determined by location, supply of feedstock and an optimum in cost effectiveness and scale. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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