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The choice for a specific type of furnace is determined mainly on basis of the fuel properties. Examples of biomass characteristics that are important in the selection of a furnace are: • Ash melting behaviour; • Particle size and particle size distribution; • Morphology (dense, fluffy); • Moisture content; • Ash content. Gasifiers Gasification is a thermo chemical conversion process that converts carbonaceous materials, such as coal, petroleum, biofuel, or biomass, into a mixture of gases at high temperatures with a controlled amount of oxygen. High temperature gasification gives so-called syngas that composes of only CO and H2. At lower temperatures, a mixture of mainly CO, CO2, H2 and CH4 is formed. Gasification of fossil fuels (mainly coal) is a commercially available and proven technology. Since decades, large-scale coal gasifiers are in use for the production of energy, fuels and chemicals. The gasification of biomass is a far less developed technology. The versatile morphology and inhomogeneous character of biomass compared to coal is the main cause of this. Biomass can be wet or dry, have high or low ash content and can be dense or fluffy. The main issue in biomass gasification is the gas cleaning that is required for application of the gas in engines and turbines. The application of gas in boilers requires less gas cleaning and is for this reason more straightforward and considered proven technology. The correlation between the scale of gasifiers and the efficiency is limited. Steam boilers A boiler is a closed vessel in which water is heated and vaporized. Boilers can be divided in two types: fire tube boiler (hot flue gases flow through tubes) and watertube boiler (water flows through the tubes). The temperature of the steam is limited by furnace heat and material characteristics (mainly tubes). The output power depends on the steam conditions (pressure and temperature) and the mass flow through the system. Boilers are available in a large power range. There are constraints to the temperature and mass flow (approx. 10 ton/hr through) in a fire tube boiler. The water tube boiler is able to produce higher mass flow rates. The efficiency of boilers is nearly constant over the range of capacities as is shown in Figure 2. The scatter in the graph is due to differences in the designs of furnaces. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION 17PDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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