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Organic Rankine Cycle An Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is similar to a steam cycle. The difference is the working fluid that is water for steam cycles and an organic fluid for an ORC. This results in systems that can operate at lower temperatures and pressures, enabling electricity generation from waste heat streams. Moreover, small-scale application is feasible contrary to steam cycles. ORC systems are mostly applied in capacities of 100 kWe up to 3 MWe. ORC systems for waste heat have been applied for many years; in geothermal power plants for decades. More details on ORC’s can be found in section 2.6. The efficiency of ORC’s is a weak function of the capacity as can be seen in Figure 4. 20% 19% 18% 17% 16% 15% 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Electrical output (kWe) Figure 4: Electric efficiencies of ORC’s over a range of power (based on different systems from various suppliers) Gas turbines Gas turbines can be used for biogas or syngas from biomass gasification. The requirements with respect to impurities in the gas fed to the gas turbine are rather stringent and extensive cleaning of biogas or syngas is required. Therefore gas turbines are not common in biomass systems. Gas engines The gas engine operates according to the same principles as combustion engines. Stationary engines are used for energy generation purposes. Electricity is generated by a generator which is connected to the gas engine shaft. Exhaust gases can be utilized for heating purposes. Most common application for gas engines in bioenergy systems is in combination with digesters, where the biogas is fed to a gas engine. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION 19 Electrical efficiency (%)PDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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