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Within the group ‘heat only’ distinction is made between small scale boilers and district heating. Small scale boilers are boilers which replace the conventional gas/oil boilers which are used to heat e.g. houses, apartments and utility buildings. Within the group heat and electricity distinction is made between CHP and Co-firing. CHP are dedicated biomass configurations which are able to convert biomass into heat and electricity. However, this is not always the case as there are CHP plants which only utilize electricity. CHP’s which produce electricity and do not utilize heat are included within the group CHP since electrical efficiencies are similar. Co-firing refers to the conversion of biomass in combination with fossil fuels into electricity and heat. The fact that these installations may generate both heat and electricity does not mean that they also make adequate use of both (in some cases, only the electricity produced is used, because of a lack of heat demand or infrastructure). Table 2 presents the conversion routes and its components of the common biomass to energy conversion routes. The last column indicates whether the technology is considered commercial. Note that not all unit operations are mentioned separately in the table: • Furnaces are considered part of a boiler and therefore not mentioned separately in the table; • Generators are always part of systems generating electricity; • Heat recovery systems are always part of CHP and heat only systems; • Gas cleaning is in this table considered as part of the unit operation generating the gas. When gas cleaning is a specific issue, it is mentioned in the most right column ‘Remarks’; It is important to realize that a conversion route that consists of only building blocks that are considered technologically mature is not necessarily a technological mature conversion route. For example: a gasifier with a gas and steam turbine is not a technological mature conversion route while all components are. This is because the gas turbine required clean gas while clean gas is less important when the gas from the gasifier is fed to a boiler. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION 23PDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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