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Table 2: Major biomass-to-energy conversion routes Feedstock type Successive unit operations or building blocks ⇒⇒⇒ Mature techno- logy Examples and remark Solid Gaseous, liquid Solid Solid Solid Solid Boiler Boiler Boiler Pyrolysis reactor Pyrolysis reactor Torrefaction reactor Gasifier Gasifier Gasifier Digester Diesel engine Boiler Landfills Landfills Steam turbine Diesel engine Gasifier Boiler Boiler Gas engine Gas turbine Gas turbine Steam turbine Gas engine Gas turbine yes For example district heating and pellet stoves no For example vegetable oil fired (back-up) boilers in cultivation under glass. Not applied on large scale. yes Dedicated power plants, mainly wood fired. no no Pyrolysis in pilot / demonstration phase. Solid or liquid Solid and or liquid Solid and or liquid Solid and or liquid Liquid Liquid Waste Waste / / / / See gasifier Steam turbine Steam turbine Boiler Boiler Boiler no Torrefaction in demonstration / commercial phase no Little added value of gasification compared to direct and no Steam turbine no combustion. Required gas cleaning is not commercial. Solid and / or liquid Digester Gas engine yes Manure (co-)digestion is mature technology. Digestion of municipal solid waste and sludge digestion is applied less. Steam turbine no Digester capacities too low and requires more extensive gas upgrading compared to use in engine. yes For example vegetable oil engines of engines on fats. no yes Mismatch capacities liquid biomass (expensive, smaller scale) and turbine (only high efficiency at large scale) Many in Europe. Will fade away on longer term because of landfill bans and reduced organic fraction in waste Steam turbine no Capacity too low and requires gas upgrading EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION Combined heat and power Heat onlyPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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