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Feedstock type Successive unit operations or building blocks ⇒⇒⇒ Mature techno- logy Examples and remark Solid Boiler (power plant) Steam turbine yes Many coal-fired pulverized coal plants have direct co- firing of solid biomass (pellets, agricultural residues etc.) Solid Gasifier (power plant) Liquid Boiler (power plant) Landfill gas Gas turbine Steam turbine Boiler This indirect co-firing is done only at a few coal-fired plants Steam turbine yes yes Co-firing of for example palm oil Landfill gas is currently a relatively inexpensive energy source. In many countries, the utilization of landfill gas is obliged by environmental permits to avoid the emissions of methane. When small amounts of gas are released, often only flaring takes place. When larger amounts are emitted, the energy content of the gas is utilized. Commonly, the costs for this are included in the waste processing costs. Therefore, subsidies for landfill gas are uncommon in those countries where emissions are regulated by environmental laws or permits. The European Landfill Directive states that the biodegradable fraction of landfilled waste should be reduced to finally 35% in 20142. Therefore, the yield of landfill gas will decrease in time and become less effective in the future and more waste will be incinerated. In some European countries, almost 100% of the waste is already incinerated (e.g. Germany and the Netherlands, see also section 2.5.2). However, biogas production from landfills will continue for years even after closing the landfill. Almost no gas is produced after 20 years after the waste was buried, although different for each landfill. It is important to notice that waste incineration plants produce energy with much higher efficiencies than landfills. Ecofys believes that waste incineration is the preferred option. Landfill gas should be utilized at existing landfills and at newer landfills. This should be compelled by legislation and permits from an environmental protection and waste processing point of view, rather than from a renewable energy point of view. For this reason, the option of landfill is not further explored within this project. 2 In 5 year (after the directive became effective in 1999) to 75%, in 8 years to 50% and in 15 years to 35% with respect to the year 1995. Member states that joined the EU later than 1999 have postponement. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION Co-firingPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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