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Each conversion route in Table 2 is assessed on its technological maturity. In the subsequent sections, technologically mature conversion routes are discussed in detail. However, some conversion routes marked as technologically mature will be omitted on the basis of the limited application in Europe. This is because a large scale impact of these technologies is unlikely on the short and mid-term. Efficiency The efficiency of biomass to energy routes depends on many variables (e.g. climate, scale, used calculation method, moisture content in biomass etc). Assessing the efficiency of the various biomass to energy conversion routes will therefore be expressed in ranges. The electric efficiency and thermal efficiency together determine the overall efficiency. The electric efficiency is defined as the electrical output divided by the energy input. The thermal output is defined as the available heat (heat production minus the heat losses due to e.g. radiation and stack) divided by the energy input. The efficiencies are expressed as net efficiency when relevant and based on the lower heating value of the biomass. The efficiency is also determined by the scale of application. In Table 3, some typical ranges are given, including a range of typical efficiencies. More details on the efficiencies are reported in the next sections (especially 2.3.3). Though scale in some cases has a significant impact on the efficiency, it is important to realize that the optimum scale of a biomass to energy facility is usually dictated by other factors and scale-up is in many cases not possible. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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