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Table 3: Scale influences on efficiency Heating (boiler) CHP (boiler + steam turbine) CHP (gas engine) CHP (diesel engine) Small Medium Large Small Medium Large Small Medium Large Small Medium Large 25 – 100 kWth 100-500 kWth 500-5000 kWth 1-10 MWe 10-25 MWe 25-50 MWe 0.1- 0.25 MWe 0.25 -1 MWe 1 -2 MWe 0.1 – 0.75 MWe 0.75 -1.5 MWe 1.5 - 5 MWe 80–85% 85–87% 87–93% 63–70% 13-21 % 59–63% 21-26 % 52–59% 26-35 % 31–33% 33–38% 38–40% 46–50% 37-42 % 45–50% 42-44 % 44–45% 44-45 % Scale Power range Thermal efficiency Electric efficiency Co-firing Coal power plants (boiler + steam turbine) Only Large 500 - 750 MWe 50 – 52 % 35-43 % 28 * It is assumed that 80% (conservative) of the remaining energy can be utilized used for heating purposes. The remaining heat is lost via radiation and the stack. 2.2 Combustion of biomass: Residential heating 2.2.1 Technology description Wood combustion probably is the oldest source of residential heating. Still open fireplaces are used in houses. The thermal efficiency of open fireplaces is very poor: lower than 20%. An improvement compared to open fire places are closed fireplaces. These have higher efficiencies due to the better combustion control. However, in these systems, a controlled heat rate output is difficult to control while the heat demand in residential heating is typically fluctuating, and controllability is therefore of major importance. Most heat output control systems (such as limiting the supply of primary air) lead to increasing emissions. An alternative system is storing the heat in a thermal mass storage system. When this is part of the heater, it is called a stove. Most pellet burners are equipped with an automatic feeding system, which feeds from separate pellet storage. With the introduction of wood pellets and automatic combustion systems, is has become much easier to control the heat output. In these EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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