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systems, the heat output is controlled by the rate of fuel supply rather than the rate of combustion air. These systems were development since the 1980’s, but significant market penetration took place the last decade [3]. The major advantages of pellet burners compared to fireplaces, wood stoves, woodchips burners and wood log boilers are: • Control of heat output; • Low emissions; • Convenience (similar to conventional fuels); • Can easily replace existing oil burners; • Pellets have better defined composition, e.g. with respect to moisture content (ranges in chips significantly). For these reasons, only pellet-fired applications are considered here for domestic use. Larger systems that can be used in commercial and industrial buildings and for example swimming pools are commonly wood chips fired. This is because a higher investment in the chips handling can be justified by the savings in fuel cost since wood chips are less expensive than wood pellets. The most important properties of wood chips and wood pellets are given in Table 4. The industry for pellet burner manufactures, pellet distribution and pellet burner technology has greatly matured the last years. Table 4: Comparison between wood chips and wood pellets Chips Pellets Lower heating value (GJ/ton) Bulk density (kg/m3) Moisture content (wet basis) Ash content (mass basis)) Diameter (mm) (Consumer’s) cost (€/ton) 1) 1) See comment no. 2 below Table 8 on page 9 9 – 12 300 20 – 35 % 1 % 30 – 50 20 – 40 17 650 7 % 1 % 6 185 - 290 2.2.2 Commercial application in Europe The use of pellets for residential heating is significant in a number or countries. Leading countries and the main incentives for the large market are given in Table 5 for 2004. In some of these countries, the number of installed boilers has increased significantly since 2004. In Austria, 28,000 in 2004 have increased to 37,000 in 2005 and even 47,000 in 2006. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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