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Table 5: Totally installed small scale pellet boilers in leading countries in 2004 [1] # units in 2004 total market (demand) in 2005 1) Typical size Main incentives Italy Sweden Denmark Austria Germany Finland 125,500 500 kton 67,200 850 kton 50,000 460 kton 28,000 400 kton 27,250 470 kton 3,000 40 kton <35kW High tax on heating oil <25kW Subsidy, high tax on heating oil <100kW Subsidy, high tax on electricity <100kW Subsidy, regional CO2-footprint improvement plans <35kW <100kW 1) The data was presented as kton’s for residential heating. However, clouding of these numbers by uncertainties in pellets used for co-firing and for residential heating is possible. The numbers presented in Table 5 are based on demand for residential heating. It should be noted that use in power plant is excluded from these numbers. To indicate the necessity of import and export, the wood pellet production capacities of the major wood pellet producing countries in Europe are given in Table 6. It can be concluded that some countries need to import and some countries can export. Table 6: European wood pellet production in 2006 [7] Country kton/yr Country kton/yr Sweden 1,200 Germany 550 Austria 600 Estonia 350 Latvia 350 Italy 300 Poland 250 Denmark 200 Finland 200 France 100 Belgium 50 UK 15 30 Boilers for domestic use (houses) are typically less than 25 kWth. The investment costs for pellet-heating systems are higher than conventional domestic heating systems. A typical case where an existing natural gas fired central heating unit is replaced by a pellet-fired system is given in Table 7. Table 8 gives typical prices for wood pellets and natural gas for domestic use. It can be concluded that the investment in pellet heating is higher than for conventional (fossil) heating systems. The consumer’s price of natural gas diverges throughout time and even stronger by country. Moreover, the EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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