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Figure 7: Thermal efficiency of small scale wood (logs, chips and pellets) boilers from 1980 – 2004 [4] Improvement should be realized in other parts of the chain than the boiler. This can be the improvement of the heat distribution and in the wood pellet production chain (both outside scope of this study). Most important is increasing the market position. In 2006, a Dutch study [5] showed that that the acceptation for wood stoves in houses is limited. This was explained by increased maintenance of woodstoves compared to heating with natural gas (as common in the Netherlands). Maintenance includes supply of pellets (compared to natural gas grid), removal of ash, two-monthly cleaning of boiler and annually cleaning of flue. To achieve a larger market penetration, the increase of availability and decrease of maintenance seem the right instruments. Since optimization of the burners to achieve a lower unburned hydrocarbons lead to an increase of NOx, achieving the right balance to control all emissions is challenging [6]. 2.3 Combustion of biomass: Large scale power and CHP 2.3.1 Technology description Solid biomass is combusted in a furnace. The flue gas heats water, generating pressurized steam in a boiler. The steam is expanded in a steam turbine where the thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy. To close the water loop, steam condenses, is re-pressurized and returned to the boiler. The steam turbine drives a generator. The electricity from the generator is commonly supplied to the (national) grid. Besides electricity, heat is generated. When this heat is utilized, a CHP-system is created. The heat/power-ratio can, within boundaries, be justified with by the end pressure of the steam expansion. Alternatively, the heat can be utilized without making electricity. In this case, heat from the flue gas is used to make hot water or EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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