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steam. This can be utilized for several purposes in the build environment (district heating) or industry (process heating). Several types of furnaces are applied. The choice for a furnace type is mainly determined by the feedstock. Many feedstock types require a pre-treatment prior to combustion. Common pre-treatments are size reduction (e.g. chipping of wood) or drying. Flue gas cleaning is in almost all cases required. The complexity of the flue gas cleaning is determined by the feedstock and legislative flue gas requirements. Most flue gas cleaning systems result in a lower overall efficiency. Fly ashes and bottom ash can be recycled to the place of origin, be disposed as waste or can, in some cases, be processed in concrete and cement industry or be utilized as road construction material. The type of application depends mainly on the feedstock and the furnace configuration. Besides the steam turbine discussed above, there are a number of other thermal technologies for the production of power from biomass. All systems are listed in Table 9 (ORC systems are discussed in section 2.6). Other systems are considered not commercial and therefore omitted. Table 9: Overview of closed processes for the production of power from biomass [3] Principle Engine type Typical size Status Liquid and vapour with phase change Gas without phase change Steam turbine Steam piston engine Steam crew engine ORC Closed gas turbine Stirling engine 500 kWe – 500 MWe 25 kWe – 1.5 MWe 500 kWe – 2 MWe 400 kWe – 1.5 MWe unknown, probably same as steam turbine 1 kWe – 100 kWe Proven technology Proven technology One demo plant Some commercial plants R & D Pilot plants 34 2.3.2 Commercial application in Europe Electricity production from biomass reaches about 60 TWh per year in the EU27 [1]. This is about 2% of the total electricity production in EU27. About 13 TWh per year comes from biogas plants [1]. It is valid to assume that the remaining 47 TWh per year electricity produced from biomass is generated by combustion, ignoring small contributions of gasification and other emerging technologies. The remaining 47 TWh per year from biomass combustion is partly generated in dedicated facilities and partly with co-firing of biomass in fossil power plants. Assuming 9,5 TWh/year by generation with co-firing of biomass (see section about co-firing) the generation of electricity by dedicated biomass combustion plants is 37,5 TWh/yr. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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