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Table 10: Typical actual electrical efficiencies and investment cost of biomass fired closed cycle steam turbine plants (optimized for power output / full expansion) [several sources, among others [3, 8] Size (MWe) Typical electrical efficiency Indicative specific investment (€/kWe) 1) 0.8 10% 1 12% 5 18% 10 22% 20 25% 50 30% ≈ 4000 - 9000 ≈ 2000 - 4000 1) The actual investment depends on the configuration and technology. These numbers should be 38 interpreted as indicative to reveal the scale dependency. The highest efficiency is achieved with high steam pressures, high temperatures and low back-pressures. Large fossil power plants are operated with steam pressures of up to 220 bar and back-pressures of less than 0.1 bar, applying multistage turbines, achieving electric efficiencies of about 40%. Typical steam pressures of 70 – 80 bar (steam temperature of 400 – 500°C) are used in smaller industrial systems and in large biomass systems. Higher steam pressures are uncommon in biomass systems. A trade-off is made between efficiency and investment cost. Since biomass-fired systems are more sensitive to corrosion and fouling due to the fuel properties, the investment cost increase more at higher steam pressures than for fossil-fired systems. Heat utilization To improve the overall efficiency, utilization of heat is therefore the most promising route. Overall efficiencies of CHP’s are around 80% at most [3]. On the other hand, heat transport is expensive, making long distance transport unfavourable. A typical price for heat transport is 200–400 €/m. A heat transport grid in the build environment is feasible for high housing density area’s (typically > 35 houses per hectare) or for high-rise buildings (flats). The temperature of a heat distribution grid for houses can be 90°C, but low temperature grids of 35 - 50°C are becoming more common. For industrial applications, usually higher temperatures are required, sometime as steam instead of hot water. When heat is utilized, the electrical efficiency is reduced since the back pressure has to be reduced. The higher the temperature of the heat to be utilized, the lower the electric efficiency. This suggests that the application of heat for (low temperature) district heating is in favour of (high temperature) utilization in industry. It is important to mention that there are more grounds to decide on the best way of heat utilization. An important consideration is the load duration curve; in other words: is the heat demand constant throughout time EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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