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40 particles and the speed and condition of the air used. The potential thermal efficiency improvement of biomass drying is 5 to 10%. Improved heat recovery by flue gas condensation A major saving of over 20% can be achieved by condensation of the flue gases. The heat that is recovered with a flue gas condenser is of low temperature and therefore only useful for sources like low temperature district heating. Most district heating plants in Denmark are already equipped with flue gas condensers and the number is increasing in other countries. The average thermal efficiency improvement achieved with flue gas condensation is 17%. Installing a flue gas condenser is typically economically feasible when wet biomass (>40 wt% moisture) is used, the return pipe temperature is <60°C and the boiler is > 2 MWth [3]. Decreasing the oxygen content in the flue gas To combust a fuel, oxygen is needed. This oxygen is supplied by mixing fuel with air in the furnace. To avoid undesired emissions, a complete combustion is pursued. In biomass systems, an excess air is used to achieve this. Lowering this excess improves the efficiency of the system, but requires careful control to avoid emissions. It is believed that in many plants a 1 volume% decrease in oxygen concentration in the dry flue gas can be achieved. This results in an approximate increase of the thermal efficiency of 0.5 – 1 % [3]. To achieve this, two methods are most common: • Use of an O2 and a CO sensor to control the secondary air supply; • Improvement of the mixing of flue gas and secondary air (design). Both options are difficult to implement cost effectively. Improved process control With advanced process control, a biomass combustion plant can perform better within specified parameters. This is important to avoid emissions, but has also a positive effect on the efficiency. A discussion on the process control strategies is outside the scope of the current study. 2.4 Combustion of biomass: co-firing 2.4.1 Technology description Co-firing of biomass is mainly performed in coal-fired power plants using the Pulverized Fuel (PF) technology. PF plants pre-treat the fuel by grinding/pulverizing it to small particles. These particles are injected in the steam boiler via combustors. Mainly woody biomass is used for co-firing in PF power plants. Bone dry woody biomass shows satisfactory grindability characteristics. The percentage which can be EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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