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percentage. Currently, about 3.3 million tons of wood pellets are co-fired in EU27 [1]. Major countries in co-firing wood pellets are the Netherlands (1400 kton/year), Sweden (850 kton/year), Belgium (700 kton/year), and Denmark (300 kton/year). Other countries co-fire < 20 kton/year wood pellets. The technical potential of co-firing of biomass in coal-fired power plants in EU27 is 50 – 90 TWh per year [22]. Table 11 indicates countries with the highest technical potential for co-firing. Operational costs for co-firing are higher than for coal firing. Table 11: EU-countries with the largest technical co-firing potential Country Technical co-firing potential 1) Germany Poland Spain UK EU-27 18 - 23 TWh/yr 18 - 23 TWh/yr 6–9TWh/yr 2 – 13 TWh/yr 50 – 90 TWh/yr 42 1) The ranges for some countries are larger than for others. This is caused by the uncertainty in how well it is possible to co-fire biomass in old (build before mid 1960’s) boilers compared to newer boilers (build after mid 1970’s). Direct co-firing Direct co-firing is the cheapest option to implement. In direct co-firing, biomass is used as a blend with coal, using the existing coal infrastructure. However, the co-firing percentage is limited and some types of biomass cannot be processed or only at very low percentages. For example, herbaceous biomass causes problems in coal mills. The costs are estimated on 40 €/kWe at 10% co-firing [11]. Parallel co-firing In parallel co-firing systems, biomass is combusted in a separate boiler that supplies steam to a common (with the coal boiler) header. The biomass supply line, including, pre-treatments like sizing, conveying and feeding, is in this case completely separated from the coal infrastructure. This makes higher co-firing percentages possible, but has a significant higher specific investment. The costs are estimated on 940 €/kWe at 10% co-firing [11]. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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