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In-direct co-firing In in-direct co-firing systems, biomass is gasified separately. The gas is injected and burned in the existing coal-boiler. The investment in in-direct co-firing systems is higher than in direct and parallel co-firing systems. 2.5 Combustion of biomass: Waste incineration 2.5.1 Technology description A special case of biomass combustion is waste incineration. The technologies used are similar to biomass combustion, however, special pre- and after-treatment is required since the fuel composition of waste fluctuates in time, contains more pollutants and is fluffier in morphology. Only grate-fired technologies are applied in waste incineration. Optimization of combustion technology and fuel properties is not possible due to the varying composition of the fuel (waste). Compared to dedicated biomass plants, waste incineration plants have larger capacities. The heat that is generated in waste incineration plants is used to generate steam that is commonly used for the production of electricity by steam turbines. In some cases, heat is utilized as well. Waste incineration plants only utilizing heat are uncommon. Based on the Dutch average waste composition, about 600 kWh electricity is produced per ton of waste [13]. The availability of waste incineration plants is typically 90 – 92%. Since waste consists of biological material and materials with a fossil origin, not all electricity produced from waste is ‘green’. Only the combustion of the organic fraction of waste generates green electricity. In the Netherlands, the average biogenic fraction of waste is periodically determined and the fraction of electricity that is considered green is based on that. 2.5.2 Commercial application in Europe The application of waste incineration will increase the coming years due to landfill bans that are put in place in an increasing number of countries. In 2005, still about 50 % of the municipal solid waste was land filled. Currently, waste incineration is dominant in a number of European countries. A distribution between land filling, thermal treatment with energy recovery and recycling is given in Figure 11. Data on waste incineration plants in major European countries are given in Table 12. The data show that the largest plants are in the Netherlands. The largest thermally waste treatment capacity per inhabitant is in Denmark, Switzerland, Sweden and the Netherlands. Combining data from Figure 11 and Table 12 shows that the potential for waste incineration is significant in a number of European countries. This combined data is shown in Table 13. Based on the countries in Table 13, 94 million tons of municipal solid waste was land filled. Based on a 50% organic fraction, an average caloric value of 9.4 GJ/ton and an average electric efficiency of 25%, these 94 million tons of municipal solid waste could be converted to 30 million MWh green electricity and 30 million MWh ‘grey’ electricity. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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