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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Recycled, including composting Thermally treated with energy recovery Landfilled 44 Figure 11: Land filling, recycling and thermal treatment with energy recovery in Europe in 2006 [14, 16] Example: Waste incineration plants Amsterdam What Where Capacity Efficiency Fuel Start-up Cost Waste incineration plant Amsterdam, Netherlands 67 MWe / 57 MWe 22%/30% (net, electric) municipal solid waste + sludge 1993 / 2008 450 M€ / ≈ 400 M€ The first waste incineration plant on the site in Amsterdam was commissioned in 1993, had an electric efficiency of 21%, and processed about 765.000 ton MSW per year. Throughout the years, the capacity and efficiency have increased from 765 kton to 850 kton and from 21 to 22% respectively. In 2008, a new, improved waste incineration plant was commissioned at the same location, referred to as “High Efficiency-plant”. This state of the art water-cooled grate fired plant generates electricity with a gross efficiency of 34% and a net efficiency of 30% which is significantly higher than the 22% gross efficiency of the ‘old’ plant (still in use). The steam temperature and pressure are 440°C and 125 bar instead of the more common 400°C and 40 bar. The capacity of the new plant is 530.000 ton of waste per year. Heat is delivered to nearby industry. In the future, heat will be supplied to a heat distribution grid for residential heating. The project was budgeted on 370 M€ however, the actual investment was at least 25 M€ higher. The annual turnover is 110 million Euros. [24] EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION Germany Netherlands Denmark Belgium Sweden Austria Luxembourg France Spain Italy UK Portugal Czech Republic Hungary PolandPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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