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Table 13: Municipal waste-to-energy potential in European countries based on 2006 data Country Total municipal waste (Mton/yr) Recycled municipal solid waste (Mton/yr) Thermally treated waste (Mton/yr) Landfilled municipal solid waste (Mton/yr) kg per inhabitant France Germany Italy Sweden Denmark UK Belgium Netherlands Spain Austria Portugal Czech Republic Hungary Luxembourg Poland 37 54 38 9 9 37 8 16 30 6 5 4 5 0,3 14 12 32% 37 68% 14 36% 4,2 48% 4,8 55% 11 31% 5 62% 10 64% 13 43% 3,6 61% 0,75 15% 0,44 11% 0,55 11% 0,11 43% 12 17 4,5 4,1 3,5 3,3 2,5 5,5 2,1 1,7 1,1 33% 13 35% 978 32% 0,00 0,0% 12% 20 52% 47% 0,44 5,0% 848 40% 0,44 5,0% 197 9,0% 22 60% 620 33% 0,38 5,0% 715 10.304 6.953 34% 0,32 2,0% 7,0% 15 50% 473 29% 0,59 10% 706 3.456 22% 3,2 63% 10.504 0,40 10% 3,2 79% 49 0,40 8,0% 4,1 81% 306 0,10 38% 0,050 19% 29 1,2 9,0% 0,050 0,37% 12 91% 2.481 46 2.5.3 Efficiency and improvement opportunities The electrical efficiency of waste incineration plants is lower than of fossil fuel fired power plants. This is due to the formation of corrosive chemicals formed at the combustion of waste. Since corrosion is more severe at higher temperatures (high temperature corrosion), the steam pressure is limited. Some characteristics of a coal fired power plants and a waste incineration plant of similar thermal capacity are given in Table 14. For comparison: optimization of steam boilers in (fossil) power plants have lead to steam of 250 bar and 560°C. In Germany, some waste incineration plants operate with a higher steam pressure (120 bar) and temperature (510°C). This is commonly realized by superheating the steam with separate oil or gas fired burners. Since these super heaters are placed outside the actual boiler, high temperature corrosion can be avoided. The electric efficiencies of these plants are higher due to the higher steam pressures and temperatures. However, fossil energy is needed to realize this. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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