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Boiler efficiency The boiler • • • • efficiency can be improved by: Pre-heating combustion air; Reduction of the excess air factor (λ). A value for λ of 1.8 is possible. Reduction to 1.6 is only possible with special measures such as pre- treatment (proper mixing) of the waste. An additional effect of a lower λ is the reduction of the dioxins formation; Reduction of the flue gas exit temperature. A temperature of about 180°C is possible in state-of-the-art boilers, compared to the more common temperature of 200 - 240°C. In existing boiler, this can be achieved by increasing the heat exchanging surface (of the economizer); Operating the boiler on full-load as much as possible. The efficiency of a boiler is maximum at full load, reduced by 1 – 2 % at 60% of full-load, 2 – 3 % at 40% of full-load and reduced > 5 % at 20% of full-load. Above measures can be implemented with an estimated pay-back time of about three years. The pay-back time of an additional mechanical mixing system is longer. Steam cycle improvement Increasing steam temperatures and improved design. As explained above, high temperature corrosion issues complicate the operation on higher temperatures. However, some measures can be taken to avoid these corrosion issues. These are: • Use of improved materials for steam super heater. Super heaters can be constructed from duplex steel4. This is used in some waste incineration plants in the USA. The High Efficiency Plant in Amsterdam (see example in section 2.5.2) uses a special nickel-chromium alloy (Inconel®) in critical parts of the plant; • Superheating steam outside the boiler with a separate burner (as explained above: this is done in some plants in Germany). When steam is superheated outside the boiler, a separate burner using a different fuel can be applied. To avoid the use of fossil fuels, this can be a biogas burner; • The steam pressure can also be increased by reheating the steam with saturated steam from the steam drum. A steam-steam heat exchanger is applied for the first time in a waste incineration plant in the High Efficiency plant in Amsterdam. Reheating turbine steam is applied in coal fired power plants where flue gas is used. Since the use of flue gas is problematic for waste incineration plants due to corrosion issues, reheating is realized in the Amsterdam plant with a separate steam-steam heat exchanger. This technology was applied in nuclear power plants before; 4 Duplex steel: austenite and ferrite formulated in the same material. 48 EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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