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Heat utilization Most waste incineration plants generate electricity that is supplied to the (national) power grid. Heat utilization is less common5. Waste incineration plants are commonly larger than biomass plants. Due to the large area required, the size of the operations, logistics and environmental issues, waste incineration plants are typically located in industrial areas. This leads to opportunities for the heat utilization at nearby industrial sites, but reduces opportunities for low-temperature heat utilization for residential areas due to long heat transport pipes. The 292 MWe waste incineration plant in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, improved the electric efficiency from 21% to 22% in about 10 years [24]. It is therefore unlikely that improvements of more than 1 – 2% in existing waste incineration plants are possible. 2.6 Combustion of biomass: Organic Rankine Cycle 2.6.1 Technology description An Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) based system is similar to a steam cycle based system. The difference is the working fluid. This is water in steam cycles and an organic fluid in an ORC. This results in systems that can operate at lower temperatures and pressures, enabling electricity generation from waste heat streams. Moreover, small scale application is feasible contrary to steam cycles. ORC systems are most applied in capacities of 100 kWe up to 3 MWe. ORC systems for waste heat have been applied for many years. ORC systems have been applied in geothermal power plants for decades. In bioenergy applications, ORC’s are applied both as an add-on at other bioenergy systems (digestion, combustion) and as stand-alone technology. 2.6.2 Commercial application in Europe In biomass fired ORC plants, systems of 400 kWe up to 1.5 MWe have been demonstrated successfully and are commercially available from several suppliers [18]. Although several biomass ORC plants are in operation in Europe, operational data is limited due to commercial confidentiality. Most ORC systems are found in Austria. The specific investment for an ORC is higher than for a similar capacity steam cycle system. The operating costs are lower than steam cycle systems [18]. Small scale systems (< 100 kWe) appear to have lower specific investment costs than larger systems. Schuster et al. [17] reports 3,755 €/kWe for a small 35 kWe system, based on 2007 data. Fichtner [8] reports a range of 7,200 – 9,000 €/kWe in 2003. The reported investment cost for a 1.2 MWe ORC-based bioenergy plant in Sittard 5 Possible applications for heat use are discussed in other sections. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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