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50 (Netherlands), commissioned in 2005, is 7.2 M€, resulting in a specific investment of 6,000 €/kWe [19]. This is in agreement with the range of 7,200 – 9,000 €/kWe. These investments are for complete plants (as is done for steam cycle based power plants). When the ORC is used as add-on to an existing installation, the investment is significantly lower (see example in box below). The investment is than typically in the range of 1.000 – 3.000 €/kWe. Other advantages of ORC systems are good controllability and subsequent high level of automation and low maintenance cost, a good performance in partial load and a robust technology. Disadvantages are the limited electric efficiency (due to low pressures), high specific investment costs and the flammability6 and toxicity of the organic working fluids. Example: Solid biomass fired ORC – CHP plant What Where Capacity Efficiency Fuel Start-up Cost biomass ORC – CHP plant Sittard, Netherlands 1.2 MWe / 5.5 MWth 15% elec., 69% therm. Pruning + waste wood 2005 7.2 million Euro, of which about 1 M€ for the ORC The plant was commissioned late 2005. The development took over five years, including permitting. Initiators are the municipality and a local landscaping company. Heat from the plant is supplied to a heat distribution net, supplying heat to a residential area. The plant consumes annually 18,000 tons of woody biomass. In mid 2007 was burned down completely. The plant is rebuilt. 6 The 1.2 MWe biomass fired ORC plant in Sittard (Netherlands) was burned down in mid 2007. The plant is rebuilt. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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