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2.6.3 Efficiency and improvement opportunities ORC systems have typically electrical efficiencies of 6 – 20 % [8,18]. Some efficiencies or a number of suppliers are given in Table 15. Table 15: Efficiencies of ORC systems of several suppliers Supplier Power output (kWe) Electrical efficiency Ormat (USA) Turboden s.r.l. (Italy) GMK GmbH (Germany) Köhler und Ziegler Anlagentechnik GmbH (Germany) Ergion GmbH (Germany) Andoratec GmbH (Germany) WSK Energie und Umwelttechnik GmbH (Germany) Tri-O-Gen (Netherlands) 200 – 7500 300 – 2000 50 – 2000 70 – 200 4 – 300 300 – 1750 52 – 65 60 – 160 - 16–18% 9–21% 11% 13–16% 15–18% average 16.3 % - The efficiency of a 1 MWe in Lienz (Austria) is fed with 85°C water and has an electric efficiency of 18 % at nominal load. This efficiency decreases to 16.5% at 50% of nominal load. The thermal efficiency of the system is about 80%. The interest in micro-scale ORC systems (< kWe) is limited. ORC systems are, applied as an add-on to existing bioenergy systems, an energy improvement in itself. The efficiency of ORC systems is mainly determined by the temperature level of the heat that is supplied to the system (higher temperatures result in higher efficiencies). Some of the energy efficiency improvement measures that apply to steam cycles apply to ORC systems as well. 2.7 Combustion of biomass: District heating 2.7.1 Technology description District heating refers to heat-only boilers. They can be used in industry (process heating) and for heating buildings (district heating). The technology is similar to the furnaces used in CHP’s. Commonly, central boilers are more efficient than individual heating systems. Moreover, flue gas cleaning is more advanced (a larger investment can be justified). EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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