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2.7.2 Commercial application in Europe Biomass fired district heating systems are popular in countries where fossil fuel based districts heating systems are already popular. District heating is commonly used in countries with a relatively cold climate, with large quantities of wood resources and where alternative fuels are scarce. Especially, well developed natural gas grids compete with district heating. In the Netherlands for example, the well-developed natural gas grid is a major reason for the limited application of district heating. Most biomass district heating plants are located in Scandinavia, the Baltic States and Austria. Figure 12 shows the amount of heat supplied by biomass district heating per capita in European countries. The potential for biomass district heating is larger in countries where fossil-fired district heating systems are in use. These systems can be retrofitted to biomass-fired systems without investing in a new heat distribution system. 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 SE FI DK EE LV AT LT CZ SK SI PL BE UK FR DE IT EL, ES, IE, CY, LU, HU, MT, NL, PT: 0 KWh/capita 52 Figure 12: Biomass district heating in EU25 in 2003 District heating covers about 8% of the total heat demand in Europe (2003 data). From the total energy for district heating (1,906 PJ/yr) is 11.5% (219 PJ/yr) from biomass. The major biomass-fired district heating countries are Sweden (97 PJ/yr), Finland (68 PJ/yr) and Austria (15 PJ/yr). Of all biomass, used for heat-only applications in Europe, 10% is used in district heating [27]. Opportunities for replacing fossil fuel plants with district heating are in countries where district heating is popular, but the biomass-fired systems are limited. This is mainly in Eastern Europe. To indicate the differences: In Sweden is more than half of the district heating from biomass, in Austria about a third and in East European countries less than 5 % on average. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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