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Example: Biomass fired district heating plant What Where Capacity Efficiency Fuel Start-up Cost Biomass district heating Vimmerby, Sweden 8 (+2 from flue gas condenser) MWth 85% Bark and wood chips 2000 Unknown A local energy company, owned by the municipality, had two 5 MWth biomass briquettes fired districts heating plants in operation since 1984. In 1999 an additional 8 MWth plant, fired with bark and wood chips was commissioned. With a flue gas condenser, an extra 2 MWth was realized. Local biomass is delivered with trucks to the facility and dumped in 3,000 m3 storage. From the storage, conveyers feed the biomass to the grate boiler. The boiler outlet temperature is 200°C. The facility supplies heat to about 1,700 flats and 650 houses. 2.7.3 Efficiency and improvement opportunities The overall efficiency is determined by the thermal efficiency of the boiler only. Thermal capacities of existing biomass district heating systems range from hundreds of kW’s up to a couple of MW’s. The scale-dependency of the efficiency of these systems is limited. The total net efficiency of heat generation of these systems is between 80 – 90%, assuming closed loop systems. The efficiency of the heat generation is difficult to improve. Efficiency is determined by the convection rate of the heat exchanger. The convection rate is significantly influenced by the temperature difference at the heat exchanger. Efficiencies remain high even at lower convection rates due to the closed loop in which the heating medium flows. The heat losses, which occur, are mainly heat losses in the flue gas (stack) and radiation losses during transportation. Boilers using open heating systems (meaning that the boiler is fed with “new” relatively cold water) have efficiencies below 80%. Efficiency is determined by the ability to transfer (in a predefined period) the combustion heat to the steam. To improve the heat exchange multiple heat exchangers (economizers, combustion air pre-heaters) are used to optimize the heat transfer. Another important aspect is the air fuel ratio. Higher air/fuel ratio’s result in large quantities of flue gas with relatively low temperatures. Relatively low EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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