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54 temperatures result in low temperature differences at heat exchangers, hence lower ability to transfer heat in a pre-defined period. If combusting moist biomass the installation of a flue gas condenser is recommended. Otherwise energy, which is used to vaporize the moist inside the biomass, is lost via the stack. 2.8 Digestion of biomass: manure digestion 2.8.1 Technology description Manure is fed to an anaerobic (without oxygen) reactor, the digester, where it is converted into biogas by bacteria. Most digesters are stirred tanks, but plug-flow digesters are used as well. Most reactors are operated at a temperature level of around 35°C. This is the so-called mesophilic system. Systems at a higher temperature level (55°C, thermophilic system) are used as well. The residence time in digesters is typically in the order of 30 days, which makes the equipment rather large. Biogas contains 55 to 70 vol-% methane; the remaining part is carbon dioxide with small amounts of other gases such as hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide. After removal of moisture and hydrogen sulphide (if necessary), the biogas is fed to a gas engine. The engine drives a generator. The electricity from the generator is commonly supplied to the (national) grid. Waste heat from the engine cooling is used for maintaining the required temperature in the digester. The remaining solid material after digestion is called digestate. Digestate is used as fertilizer and has, compared to undigested manure, an added value as fertilizer. To improve the biogas yield, so- called co-substrates are often added to the digester. This can be dedicated energy crops such as maize, but often waste products from food industry are used. 2.8.2 Commercial application in Europe Manure digestion takes place in several EU-countries. Major countries in biogas production are given in Table 16. The top 6 countries cover 88% of the EU27 total electricity production and 62% of the EU27 total heat production. In 2006, a total of 17,272 GWh of electricity was produced in EU27 of which 54% in CHP plants and 46% in heat-only plants. It is assumed that CHP refers only to those plants delivering heat outside the own facility, excluding plants that use heat within the facility (heating digesters, pasteurization of digestate, etc.). The total heat production in 2006 in EU27 was 26.4 PJ of which 55% in CHP plants and 45% in heat only plants. It should be noted that figures from Table 16 refer to the use of biogas in general. This is the sum of biogas from landfills, sewage sludge digestion and manure (co)digestion. Specific data on the biogas from farm digesters is available for only a small number of countries and is given in Table 17. The contribution of biogas from landfills and sewage sludge digestion is given in Table 18. In the column “other” in the table, manure (co)digestion will cover the largest part. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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