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available for other purposes. Nevertheless, opportunities for utilization are limited because of the low temperature level of the heat (motor cooling typical at 85°C). Heat utilization is therefore limited to residential heating. Since transport of heat is expensive (€200 - €400 per meter) and anaerobic digesters are typically located in rural areas, heat utilization is uncommon. An opportunity to overcome this contradicting requirements is to transport gas from the facility to a central gas engine near a residential area en generate the electricity and heat locally. In this way, expensive heat transport pipe lines can be replaced by less expensive gas transport lines (around €100 per meter). The CHP-unit (gas motor) is the most expensive piece of equipment and is typically 20 – 30% of the total project cost [2]. From this perspective, supply of gas to an existing boiler (fore example steam boiler in industry) or engine (for example distinct heating) can reduce the project costs significantly. 2.9 Diesel engines on vegetable oil 2.9.1 Technology description Diesel engines can make use of vegetable oils as fuel. These oils are commonly referred to as Pure Plant Oil (PPO). For application in the automotive sector, PPO is commonly transesterified to Biodiesel since this requires less adaptation to the engine7. Stationary engines commonly use PPO because this is less expensive compared to biodiesel. The larger quantities of fuel consumed in these stationary engines justifies an additional investment in engine adaptations. In stationary applications, diesel engines drive a generator, producing electricity that can be used locally or delivered to the (national) grid. Heat from the engine can be utilized as well in CHP mode. Besides vegetable oil, animal fat can be used as fuel. This can be refined or unrefined animal fat. Diesel engines can be classified into three different categories that have been optimized for certain size power generation installations. The three classes are given in Table 19. It should be noted that this classification is not strict in numbers. Slightly different numbers are reported, though in the same order of magnitude. 7 Possible adaptations to diesel engines include: Fuel preparation (heating, filtering), higher injection pressure, earlier injection (timing), larger crankcase and lower maintenance interval. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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