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8) As reported in section 2.4.3, the technical potential for co-firing is 50 – 90 TWhe in Europe. The average of 70 TWhe corresponds with an availability of pulverized coal plants of 8,500 h/y with 70,000 GWh / 8,500 h/y = 8.3 GW 9) In Table 13 on page 9, the thermal treated municipal solid waste of the selected countries is 58 million tons in 2006. Based on a small growth and including other member states, this is estimated to be 60 Mton in 2009. With an average heating value of 9.4 GJ/ton municipal solid waste, an average availability of a waste incineration plant of 90% and a boiler efficiency of 85% and an electric efficiency of 22%, the current electric capacity is 60.106 ton x 9.4 GJ/ton / 3,600 s/h x 22% / (90% x 8,760 h/y) = 4.4 GWe of which 2.2 GWe is ‘green’. 10) In section 2.5.2 (just above Figure 11), the potential production of electricity from waste that is landfilled currently was estimated to be 30 million GWhe of green and 30 million GWhe ‘grey’ electricity. Based on an average availability of a waste incineration plant of 90%, this is 30,000 GWhe / (90% x 8,760 h/y) = 3.8 GWe capacity. Added to the existing capacity of 11) AEBIOM reports 45.53 million tons oil equivalent heat sales for district heating in 2003, whereof 5.24 came from renewable energy sources. Assuming that biomass is the dominant renewable energy source, the 2003 district heat delivery in EU27 is 5.24 million tons of oil equivalent which corresponds to 228 PJ. Based on 5,000 full load hours per year, the capacity is 220.109 GJ/y / 5,000 h/y / 3,600 GWe = 12,000 GWth. 12) Biogas production figures for EU27, other excluding landfill and sludge, from 2004 – 2007 (EurObserv) extrapolated shows a biogas production of 2991 ktoe in 2009. Assuming 7500 hr/year and 36% electrical efficiency based on a average 300 kWe gas engine (average of Germany). 13) Total end-efficiency utilizing the waste heat can improve efficiency up to 85%. Approximately 49% can be used for heat production. Approximately 44% remains available for external heating purposes assuming 10% heat is used as process heat. Electrical efficiency improvement to 40% (due to scale advantages) enables 40% to be used for external heating purposes according to the same argumentation as mentioned above. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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