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3 Task 2: Reference system for energy efficiency 3.1 Introduction In section 1, major biomass to heat and electricity routes were described. For each conversion route, typical efficiencies were reported. The current chapter reports on issues relevant for the comparison of the reported efficiencies and results in an unambiguous system that will be used in the evaluation of policy options. The Commissions Decision of 21 December 2006: “Establishing harmonized efficiency reference values for separate production of electricity and heat in application of Directive 2004/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council” [27], hereafter referred to as “the commission decision” deals with issues concerning a methodology for comparing reference systems with heat only and CHP systems. This is part of the so-called CHP-directive (Directive 2004/8/EC). This is the basis of the reference system applied in this study. 3.2 Factors influencing the end use efficiency of biomass conversion 3.2.1 Scale Electricity production The efficiency of many biomass conversion operations and technologies is a function of the scale. The electric efficiencies show a stronger correlation with scale than thermal efficiencies. Scale is in bioenergy applications often determined by factors other than efficiency. Examples of these factors are: the area that in which (local) biomass is collected (agricultural residues, pruning, etc.) in relation to the transport distances and the (local) heat demand. When bioenergy systems are compared with each other or with fossil energy systems, systems of similar scale should be compared. The scale dependency is discussed in section 2.1.1 and the sections 2.2 to 2.9. Details can be found in these sections. 3.2.2 Age Electricity production In the commission decision can be found that the correlation between the age and the efficiency of electricity generating plant (electricity only or CHP) is significant over the last decade [27]. Reported efficiencies for relevant solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels are given in Figure 14. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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