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72 Biomass moisture content The moist content of the biomass has to be evaporated before the biomass ignites. The heat, which supplies the energy for evaporation, comes from the biomass. This energy is lost via the stack when there is no heat recovery system installed, hence reducing the end efficiency. 4.2.2 Liquid feedstock Liquid biomass combusted in engines is relatively viscous and usually has a relative low calorific value compared to fossil fuels. These issues mainly influence the fuel injection and combustion. Maximizing injected amount of fuel and optimizing the combustion per stroke increases the efficiency. The viscosity is reduced by heating the liquid biomass, which reduces the fuel pumps work (internal energy use). To inject the same amount of energy of a low calorific fuel within one stroke compared to a high calorific fuel requires increased pump capacity. However, the pump capacity is technically limited. Depending on the rotational speed of the engine, it is difficult or not possible to inject the desired amount of energy into the combustion chambers. A lower calorific value means that there is more incombustible content in the fuel and more time is required for complete combustion. The required time for combustion determines the rotational speed of the engine. In general, it can be stated that low calorific liquid biofuels (depending on the type of biomass) have end use efficiencies which are up to 0 - 4 % lower depending on the engine type (low, medium, high speed engines). 4.2.3 Gaseous feedstock Biogas contains depending on the type substrate (biomass) from which it is made an amount of H2S (e.g. biogas from corn has a low H2S content and biogas from land fills has a high H2S content). H2S is corrosive and erodes the gas engine part, which leads to significant engine damage. The maximum allowable H2S concentration is about 200 ppm. H2S is removed for biogas with higher contents. H2S removal increases the internal energy use and to that extent reduces the end efficiency. 4.3 Feedstock influences on end-efficiency per technology The next section discusses the feedstock influences on end efficiency for each technology discussed in the sections 2.2 - 2.9 District heating and residential heating are combined since both cope with same effects. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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