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4.3.1 Residential heating and district heating Biomass fired residential and district heating run mainly on woody biomass and in particular wood pellets and woodchips. The main feedstock property of woody biomass, influencing the end efficiency of residential heating, is the moisture content. As stated earlier, moist has to be evaporated before the biomass ignites/burns resulting in a longer combustion period. As a result it can occur that with constant feed rate unburned biomass ends up in the ash bin, hence negatively influences end efficiency. This phenomenon is especially relevant for small residential heatings. Another issue caused by moist is that the heat, which supplies the energy for evaporation, comes from the biomass. This energy, in the form of evaporated water, is lost via the stack when there is no heat recovery system installed. To that extent heat recovery systems can improve (thermal) end efficiencies up to 30% [3]. 4.3.2 Large scale power and CHP Large scale power and CHP, which use steam cycles, are mainly fired with solid (dry) biomass e.g. waste wood, chicken manure, straw, etc. One of the challenges encountered in biomass-fired boilers is the increased tendency to bed agglomeration and the increased fouling of convective heat surfaces (reducing heat exchange), sometimes associated with increased corrosion. The most distinctive property of biomass towards agglomeration, fouling, and corrosion is the ash composition in relation to sulphur, chlorine, and phosphorous content of the biomass. One of the countermeasure to avoid the aforementioned issues is controlling local temperatures below the level at which the degrading phenomena becomes unmanageable (approximately 450 degrees Celsius). This measure causes the process to deviate from its optimum (540 degrees Celsius), thus loosing (electrical) end efficiency up to 5%. Another issue is the type of furnace (grate, BFB or CFB). The type of furnace depends among others on the type of biomass and its physical nature (mainly size but also moisture content). In general, it is preferred not to use too much oxygen since it has a negative effect on the end efficiency. Therefore the bubbling fluidized bed (BFB, 3-4 vol% oxygen) and Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB, 1–2 vol% oxygen) burners are preferred above grate fired ( 7-8% vol% oxygen) often. However the CFB and BFB require smaller particles. Producing small particles requires good grindability of the biomass. (Thermal) end efficiencies improve with 1% per 1 vol% oxygen reduction [3]. Hence, 4 to 7% if CFB and BFB are compared with grate fired boilers. The feedstock moist content influences the thermal efficiency of the boiler as discussed for residential heating. Typical efficiency improvements are in the range of about 8.7% when wood is dried from 50 to 30% moisture content on wet basis [3]. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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