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74 4.3.3 Co-firing Feedstock effects on the efficiency are similar to large scale power and CHP if the biomass is burned in a separate boiler. As stated in task 1 this practice is rather exceptional than common practice. The impact of feedstock on the (boiler) efficiency in co-firing units, which use the same boiler, depends principally on the biomass moisture content and the co-firing ratio. Efficiency loss is linear related to the co-fire biomass percentage (on mass basis) [3]. However current practice shows co-fire percentage between 5 and 7%. At these co-fire rate effects on the end efficiency are considered very modest when co-firing bone dry (<10% moist) biomass [3]. Fouling, agglomeration and corrosion related to firing biomass boilers at high temperatures are considered neglect able when co-fired8 according current practices (between 5-7% co-firing). 4.3.4 Waste incineration Waste incineration is similar to large scale power and CHP except for the feedstock which is waste. As was stated in section 2.5, one of the challenges for biomass fired boiler was the increased tendency to bed agglomeration and the increased fouling of convective heat surfaces (reducing heat exchange), sometimes associated with increased corrosion. These problems are also applicable to waste incineration except that they are aggravated in waste firing due to the diver’s composition and large amounts of “contamination” in waste. 4.3.5 Power plant ORC ORC’s are generally fed by waste heat. Feedstock influences related to combustion (see large scale power and CHP and introduction) is applicable if woody biomass is combusted to generate the required heat. 4.3.6 Manure digestion End efficiency benchmark [26] of natural gas engines and biogas engine show similar results. However there are indirect efficiency losses due to higher internal energy consumption related to H2S removal. The maximum allowable H2S concentration is about 200 ppm. H2S has to be is removed for biogas with higher contents to avoid collateral damage to the engine. H2S removal increases the internal energy use and hence the end efficiency. 4.3.7 Diesel engines on vegetable oils The calorific value is the main factor influencing the end efficiency of diesel engines that run on vegetable oils. To inject the same amount of energy of a low calorific fuel within one stroke compared to a high calorific fuel requires increased pump capacity, hence increased internal energy usage. The effect on (electrical) end-efficiency is considered relatively low (1 – 2%). 8 Foster Wheeler Experience with Biomass and Waste in CFBs. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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