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78 5.1 Overview of current policies The European Union has developed and implemented different energy and efficiency policies over the last decades. Some of these policies have been more successful than other policies in achieving its original targets. Below an overview is given of EU level measures to increase energy efficiency within the EU. These measures deal with a wide variety of sectors and industries. This overview also shows that few measures focus specifically on biomass end-conversion efficiency. 5.1.1 General efficiency policy The European Union has undertaken a host of activities to improve energy efficiency. In 2006, it clearly stated its ambitions with the publication of the Energy Efficiency Action Plan with the aim of realising Europe’s potential on energy efficiency as well as maintaining its position as one of the most energy-efficient regions in the world. On an EU level, several directives and regulations are in force to improve energy efficiency in energy-using products, buildings and services. These include the Eco- Design Directive, the Energy Star Regulation, the Labelling Directive, the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive and the Directive on Energy End-conversion Efficiency and Energy Services [31]. The latter directive sets an indicative target for EU Member States to achieve a 9 % energy saving by 2016 from new energy services and other energy efficiency improvement measures. In addition, the Directive on the promotion of cogeneration (CHP) was adopted in 2004. Its aim is to promote the use of cogeneration in order to increase the energy efficiency and improve the security of supply. Its implementation has progressed but more slowly than originally expected [32]. In order to achieve the energy efficiency target and the other directive goals, Member States have implemented national policies to improve energy efficiency. These range from fuel efficiency labels for cars to insulation schemes for houses. Most are not relevant in for this end-conversion efficiency study for biomass. Some that are interesting are summarised below. Energy efficiency obligation and White certificates – Several countries have implemented a certificate system for energy savings. These certificates represent an amount of energy that has been saved due to measures taken to improve energy efficiency, such as housing insulation or the application of efficient technologies. The white certificates are part of an energy efficiency obligation to reduce energy consumption. They can be trade, in order to improve energy efficiency in the most cost-effective manner. The table below gives an overview of countries that have an energy efficiency obligation. Of these countries, Italy and France have introduced white certificates. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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