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Table 27: EU Countries with currently active Energy Efficiency Obligations [30] • • •• Belgium- Flanders Electricity distributors residential and non energy intensive industry and service Flemish Government Flemish Government France Italy UK Ireland Denmark All suppliers of energy Electricity & gas distributors Electricity & gas suppliers Electricity (ESB) Electricity, gas & heat distributors All except EU ETS All including transport Residential only All except transport All except transport Government Government Regulator Government Regulator Government Government (AEEG) Regulator (Ofgem) Regulator (CER) Danish Energy Authority German Heat Act – Starting January 2009, this act requires that part of the heat supply of new buildings stems from renewable sources. The percentage of heat supply depends on the energy source. In case of biomass, 50% of the heat supply has to be covered. For Biogas this has to be 30%. To ensure efficient use of biomass, boilers need to have a high efficiency standard and biogas may only be used in a CHP installation. Emissions Performance Standard – In 2007 California introduced the emissions performance standard for power generation. It establishes a standard for base load generation owned by, or under long-term contract to publicly owned utilities. Other US states (Washington, Oregon en Montana) have also introduced similar programmes 5.1.2 Policy on biomass and end-conversion efficiency Renewable energy is already widely supported in many EU Member States. As part of this, many EU member states also support the use of biomass for electricity and heating through support schemes in order to reach their renewable energy targets. Often feed-in tariffs or quota systems are used. Commercial use of biomass for energy or heat production depends in nearly all member states on support schemes9. Few countries have included end-conversion efficiency requirements for biomass in their support scheme. Those who have mostly focus on CHP projects. In Flanders certificates are rewarded for GHG emission savings. The more efficient, the more certificates are rewarded. In Germany, the feed-in tariff gives a financial reward to the use of CHP. Other examples are: • Portugal: Electrical efficiency of CHP, but more moving towards overall efficiency; 9 Exceptions are off grid locations or households. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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