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In the example above, conversion efficiency is similar in both cases (natural gas or palm oil use). Assumed, the efficiency is 40%, the palm oil to electricity chain will have a GHG emission reduction of 63% compared to the natural gas chain (45 g CO2eq/MJ electricity compared to 120 g CO2eq/MJ electricity). If an end-conversion efficiency of 45% is desired, this will apply to both cases. GHG emissions reduction of the palm oil chain compared to natural gas is then 62% (40 g CO2eq/MJ electricity compared to 106 g CO2eq/MJ electricity). This does not show a large variation, while the variation in end-conversion efficiency is substantial. Furthermore such a small reduction in GHG, could easily be obtained in another location in the chain, which results in no impact at all on end-conversion efficiency; Figure 17 Example GHG performance of glycerine to electricity and its reference Example 2 - Environmental burden biomass chain is zero/nihil: For some biomass feedstock (mainly waste products) the GHG burden is set at zero. If the GHG burden of the biomass production chain is zero, the end-conversion efficiency does not contribute to the overall GHG emission reduction anymore. In the example above, glycerine to electricity is compared to its reference natural gas to electricity. The GHG burden of glycerine before conversion is set at zero, because it is considered a waste product. For example when conversion efficiency is 40%, the GHG burden of fossil electricity is 120 g CO2eq/MJ electricity and that of the glycerine chain is 0 g CO2eq/MJ electricity. Performance of the glycerine chain compared to the natural gas chain is 100%. When the desired end-conversion efficiency is 45%, the burden of the natural gas chain will be 106 g CO2eq/MJ electricity, and that of the glycerine chain still 0 g CO2eq/MJ electricity, causing performance of the glycerine chain to be the same, namely 100%. End- conversion efficiency does not have influence on the GHG performance of the waste chain; 84 As the above Box 2 indicates, there are several cases where using the GHG balances for stimulating improvements in end-conversion efficiency are not effective. Including end-conversion efficiency (or in other words: use the GHG performance to measure efficiency) seems a feasible way of using an existing method to incentives EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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