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end-conversion efficiency of biomass conversion. However there are several implications, of using this method for the stimulation of end-conversion efficiency. The following remarks can be made on the examples chains: • End-conversion efficiency of the biomass chain is often related to the fossil fuel chain. The palm oil to electricity chain and the natural gas to electricity chain have quite similar end-conversion efficiency when used in the same type installation. Innovation and improvements on conversion efficiency will probably be implemented in both chains. Therefore, the GHG emission reduction percentage, for palm oil compared to its fossil reference, will not change, due to improvements in both chains. However, though not in accordance with LCA conventions, with a static reference value it may be possible. • Compensation option within a chain. Using GHG performance as a measure for improving end-conversion efficiency makes it possible to compensate within the chain from biomass to energy. For example if improvements in end-conversion efficiency are wanted, GHG emissions have to be reduced for that specific chain. Companies will reduce GHG emissions were costs are lowest, and if this is not in the last step of the chain, then it is probable that end-conversion efficiency will not change as a result of lowering GHG performance. • Waste streams (defined in the RES directive) mask the end-conversion efficiency as the GHG emission value of waste before treatment for electricity or heat use is zero. Consequently, the end-conversion efficiency will hardly have any influence on the GHG performance (which can be (close) to 100% reduction). End- conversion efficiency can be thus very low or extremely high, but the value for GHG emission reduction will not change much (e.g. 5g or 10g/MJ is still very small compared to a fossil reference on 100g/MJ). Using GHG emission reduction to stimulate end-conversion efficiency would not have an effect in this case. Calculate efficiency based on energy conversion rate of the installation. The other method to calculate end-conversion efficiency of biomass conversion is to use the difference between energy input and output of the installation. This method only considers the conversion efficiency of the installation itself. It does not take into account energy use or GHG emissions during the biomass production phase. In this case, policy measures to improve end-conversion efficiency directly focus on efficiency of the installation, which is the aim of the policy options discussed in this study. In order to see the difference between the two methodological approaches (use of GHG calculations and the use of conversion efficiency) the same examples are discussed below. Conversion efficiency is calculated by comparing energy input and useful output of an electricity and/or heat generating installation. This can be calculated by using the energy output of the installation and the feedstock input. In the method where GHG EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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