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86 performance is used to steer on improvements in end-conversion efficiency, other parts in the chain can compensate for poor end-conversion efficiency. Directly focussing on the end-conversion efficiency excludes this possibility. Therefore no compensation between the whole chain and the conversion step is possible. Conclusions on comparing chain and end-conversion efficiency If best practice is to reach a conversion efficiency of 40% and average is 35% for a boiler using palm oil, natural gas or glycerine, then policy could for example be set up to give a subsidy element to all installations reaching 40%. Another option is to put a ban on all installations performing under a conversion efficiency of 35%. The GHG performance of the biomass conversion to electricity and/or heat gives a good indication of the effectiveness of reducing GHG emission compared to fossil fuels. From a sustainability perspective it is important that the use of biomass reduces the GHG emission, however using policy measures to improve end-conversion efficiency based on the GHG performance are not as effective as direct conversion efficiency in stimulating end-conversion efficiency, as shown in Box 2. And in some cases it will not have the desired effect, for example with waste steams. Its effectiveness is reduced because the incentive for improvements is applicable to the whole chain. In order to meet a certain efficiency target or improve the efficiency, improvements anywhere in the biomass chain count towards this target. In many cases, improving end-conversion efficiency will be a more expensive option than improving the efficiency in other parts of the chain. This may result in compensation between the end-conversion phase and the other parts of the chain. The ToR of this project states the aim of this study regarding policy options as followed: ‘identify and evaluate options for promoting best available technologies [.]’ The promotion of the best available technologies specifically focuses on the final conversion step of the biomass chain, the heat and/or power generation. This has no direct relationship with the efficiency of the biomass production that is used in the installation. We therefore recommend using the conversion efficiency as the method for the purpose of improving end-conversion efficiency through policy measures. This does not exclude the option of using the GHG performance for other purposes, such as a minimum GHG emission reduction from a sustainability perspective. However, for the aim of this study, we suppose it is not as effective. 5.2.2 Policy options to stimulate better end-conversion efficiency Based on the efficiency calculation described above, policy incentives to stimulate biomass (end-conversion) efficiency can be put in place. The policy incentive can be the same regardless of the calculation method. However, the effect and impact of the policy incentive may be very different dependent on the method of calculation used. Three main approaches can be distinguished here, when calculation method and policy incentives are separated, namely a bonus system, a ban or minimum standard or EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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