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90 pathways or installations, nor does it create a financial incentive to take this aspect into account. Therefore, the labelling of end use efficiency on installations is only relevant during the sales period, when the creation of awareness can influence the decision making. Its relevance is also small for commercially operating installations, as feedstock costs (directly related to efficiency) are a primary element of the cost calculations. However, for consumer goods, such pellet stoves, it can be an effective tool to create awareness and influence decision making. Labelling of the efficiency of the biomass pathway, for example by adding this information to the guaranty of origin, can always be used to create consumer awareness. The decision to act on this will solely depend on the consumers’ environmental awareness. The heat and/or power are already produced at the moment of labelling. Cost reduction will not be an argument, also because the labelling does not involve any financial incentives on itself. Basically, it can be assumed that labelling, apart from some consumer goods, does not represent an effective policy option on itself. Additional incentives will be required in combination with labelling to have effect. Improving supply chain efficiency The options to improve the efficiency of the supply chain are numerous. Particularly on the agricultural side, many options are available to reduce the GHG emissions of biomass production. This option in effect comes down to the use of the GHG calculation method for the whole chain. The effectiveness of this option in improving the end-conversion efficiency is limited, as explained in section 5.2.1. This does not mean that policy options to improve the efficiency of the supply chain should not be undertaken. In the discussion on the sustainability of bioenergy the overall GHG emission reductions plays a central role. From this perspective both the whole chain and the end-conversion should be efficient. Both approaches do not exclude each other either. An overall GHG performance of biomass for power and/or heat (e.g. like the threshold for biofuels) can be combined with additional requirements on the end-conversion efficiency. 5.3 Specific aspects to consider The end-conversion of biomass to electricity and/or heat generally takes place under specific conditions. The effectiveness and impact of the policy options to improve the end-conversion efficiency is influenced by these conditions. Therefore it is relevant to understand which type of stakeholders is involved, what technical opportunities and constrains for improvements exist and how local conditions influence biomass supply. The variety of these aspects is very large within the EU, but some main distinctions can be made. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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