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5.3.1 Key stakeholders Biomass users for electricity and/or heat form a distinct group adapted to the specific conditions under which they operate. Their response to policy incentives will be very different, as their situation differs significantly. Four characteristic stakeholder groups are relevant to distinguish: Utility companies - Mainly large companies that produce electricity and/or heat from biomass through co-firing or large stand-alone installations. Their incentives are national support schemes and the emission ceiling of the ETS. They usually source their biomass over large distances and respond rapidly to price changes. It is a small and well-informed stakeholder group, acting only because of available support schemes. Small commercial producers - Companies that are not historically involved in electricity and/or heat production. They operate one or several stand-alone installations that produce heat and/or electricity from biomass. Their incentive comes from national support schemes or the local availability of affordable biomass. It is a small and well-informed stakeholder group, usually acting because of available subsidies. Biomass costs are a substantial part of their operations costs. Industry - Some industries produce biomass by-products that they use to supply electricity and/or heat for their own processes. Their incentive is the availability of a cheap energy source that needs disposing of when not used. Examples are paper & pulp industry, sugar industry with bagasse surplus, saw mills with wood chips boilers. Support schemes for renewable energy production are usually not a motivation, though reducing the overall GHG emission can play a role. Non-commercial users - Biomass is a source of energy for many non-commercial users, such as households that use a wood stove. Their incentive comes from the price of biomass compared to other available energy sources often because centralized grid access is not available. They will not receive subsidies or support for the use of biomass. In some areas in Europe they represent a large group, often not very well informed about policy developments. 5.3.2 The biomass conversion combinations The end-conversion efficiency of a biomass conversion combination is a relative measure. Although it may be measured in absolute terms, the performance of biomass conversion combination that operates under different circumstances is difficult to compare. The end-conversion efficiency of a wood based conversion combination for example is difficult to compare with a biogas installation. The amount of energy that can be drawn from a specific biomass type differs significantly. The energy that can be drawn from wood is far greater then from manure, giving the former, a higher end- conversion efficiency potential then the latter. With that in mind, two approaches can be taken to improve the end-conversion efficiency of a specific biomass type: EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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