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92 • Improve the efficiency of a biomass conversion combination – This includes technical improvements of the conversion installation or install after treatment technology. Other options are up-scaling or utilising excess heat. • Shifting a biomass type to a more efficient end-conversion installation – The same type of biomass can usually be applied in different end-conversion installations. Wood, for example, can be used for co-firing to wood stoves, with very different efficiencies. Both approaches have their limitations. For manure, digestion in a biogas installation is more or less the only option. Whereas the end-conversion efficiency of wood can be improved by shift wood supply, this option is not available for manure. Furthermore, the digestion of manure has additional advantages in relation to processing excess manure. Efficiency improvement of a biomass conversion combination (BTC) takes place only when cost-effective for the operator. Cost-effectiveness can be altered by policy incentives. If the costs are very high in relation to the benefits, a very strong incentive will be needed to improve efficiency. If biomass is only one of the feedstock for energy production, its role in influencing end-conversion efficiency is limited. However, strong incentive can be given through banning of certain technology. However, this can also result in stopping the use biomass or a closing down of the installation instead of improvement of the end-conversion efficiency. If this installation was only running on locally generated residues with no other viable use, the effectiveness of this measure is very small. 5.3.3 Regional aspects The utilisation of biomass is often directly related to local situation. The availability of manure for example has an overruling impact on the development of biogas installations. A harbour location gives many options to source biomass from different regions. Consequently, biomass is used under many different circumstances to produce electricity and/or heat. To estimate opportunities for improving efficient end- conversion of biomass, the local conditions under which the biomass conversion combination operates have to be taken into account. The two main options to improve efficiency, as described in section 1 of the report, are increasing the scale of the installation and supplying excess heat for useful purposes. The availability of both options is very dependent on the local situation. An installation that is remotely located from potential markets for heat will not be able to use this option to improve end-conversion efficiency. Installations that only run on locally produced biomass will find it difficult to scale up, because transport costs will form a major constrain on its profitability. EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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