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94 Residential heating Characteristics: • Non-commercial users, with a very disperse and diverse (households) consumer group, difficult to reach; • Wide variety of technologies used ranging from ‘traditional’ open stoves to highly efficient pellet boiler; • Main feedstock is wood pellets or wood although in some cases own waste is used; • In some countries stoves are more for creating nice atmosphere while other countries use them as actual heat providers; • Pellet boilers and stoves for essential energy provision mostly in more remote/rural areas; • Receive no government support for biomass use; • Pellet boilers are lot more efficient convertors to energy than open stoves; Policy options: Labelling, minimum efficiency standard and investment subsidy Pellet boilers can be considered a consumer good, making labelling of efficiency a viable policy option. Labelling can help increase consumer awareness about energy efficiency. To make it more effective, it can be combined with two types of measures: a minimum efficiency standard or an investment subsidy. The minimum efficiency standard inhibits the sales of appliances with a low efficiency. An investment subsidy helps consumers by reducing the additional investment cost for a more efficient stove or pellet boiler. The option of a bonus system for heat provision for households through the use of pellet boilers would be less efficient due to a dispersed and diverse consumer group. In addition, the use of biomass for residential heating is not part of support schemes in EU countries. Dedicated large scale power and CHP Characteristics: • Dedicated large scale power and CHP is a diverse group, covering large biomass CHP’s, large dedicated biomass electricity plants and large ORC’s, all with either solid or liquid biomass as fuel; • A well-informed and small number of producers is involved in large-scale electricity and/or heat production; • Motivated by subsidies or other support mechanisms; • Dedicated large scale power plants and large ORC’s use different technologies but regarding policy options their behaviour is quite similar; EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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