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• Most efficiency improvements can be made through technology add-on’s and heat use of these large installations. Especially, when currently only dedicated to electricity production, overall efficiency is very low; Policy options: Bonus system for higher efficiency or minimum performance standard for new installations The installations are dedicated biomass plants producing electricity and/or heat on a large scale. Most installations already perform at their optimal efficiency (or at least electrical efficiency) for the feedstock it uses. In case of further improvements additional investments are necessary mostly through using ‘add on’ technology or to make more use of the heat produced. A bonus system with a step wise bonus for increased end-conversion efficiency would be an option, as it reduces investment costs. Furthermore specific attention to heat in the bonus system would be advisable. Currently support schemes mostly focus on electricity production, and therefore not stimulating the optimal efficiency of the installations (when both electricity and heat are used). Minimum performance standards for new installations might be feasible, because these can be integrated in the design of a new installation. For dedicated large scale installations minimum performance standards could be a feasible way to stimulate either use of heat produced or use of add-on’s to increase electricity production. Labelling is not a feasible policy option for large scale power and CHP installations, because it is not a consumer good and acquiring such large installations is guided more by financial or technical reasons. Co-firing of biomass Characteristics: • Limited amount of biomass can be co-fired in coal power plants, with percentage depending on technology and feed in of feedstock (5-10%); • Not wide spread practice, only in those countries where subsidy scheme is available (Netherlands, Italy); • Hugh potential to upscale use of biomass. Especially use of biomass in coal powder plants (co-firing) indicates a high potential for green electricity production and even replacement of fossil fuel; • Original purpose of co-firing installations is not to provide bioenergy but to provide fossil energy. This should be taken into account by policy measures, because use of biomass in these installations is desired and efficiency in general is quite high. • Risk of construction of new coal fired power plants above other alternatives through extreme stimulation of biomass co-firing; EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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