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96 Policy options: Bonus system for higher efficiency or minimum performance standard for new installations Co-firing is not explicitly operated for the production of bioenergy. Biomass is used because available subsidies make it cost effective or demands are put on use of biomass in the installation. One large advantage of the use of biomass in coal power plants is the reduction of GHG emissions. This is stimulated through the Emission Trading System (ETS). Use of biomass in all coal power plants indicates a huge potential for GHG savings. In case of co-firing, biomass plays a marginal role for improving efficiency as it constitutes only a small part of the feedstock of these installations. This means that it is unlikely that incentives only from a bioenergy perspective will be sufficient to encourage efficiency improvements of these installations. In general end-conversion efficiency in coal powder plants is already relatively high, compared to other biomass installations producing electricity. Electricity production in the most efficient and cost effective way is their primary target. Penalising or banning less efficient end-conversion installation is a feasible policy option to avoid that biomass is used in very inefficient installations. However, it is a less feasible policy options for improving end-conversion efficiency of a particular installation, when biomass only represents a relatively small part of the feedstock. Chances are that it would result in a reduction of co-firing due to high investment costs for improvements. Therefore, installations might choose not to use biomass at all, instead of complying with high end conversion standards. Waste incineration Characteristics: • A limited amount of the electricity produced by incineration of MSW is attributed to biomass (green electricity), most of the time this amount depends on the organic fraction in the MSW; • For waste incineration, the Dutch subsidy scheme relates amount of subsidy to efficiency percentage; • Electricity production from MSW is a huge potential of green electricity produced from a feedstock with no alternative use; • Original purpose of waste incinerators is not to provide bioenergy but to get rid of waste. This should be taken into account by the policy measures, because the electricity created can be regarded as ‘extra’; Policy options: Bonus system for higher efficiency Penalising or banning are not options relevant for waste incineration. Waste incineration is a necessity to get rid of the municipal solid waste produced in the society. Penalising, banning or minimum efficiency standard might result in pre- EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS IN END-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTIONPDF Image | Evaluation of improvements in end-conversion efficiency for bioenergy production
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